Why Divorce Rates Increased Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Divorce Rates Increased - Essay Example Coming to South American countries, divorce rates increased from 0.21 to 0.7 in Mexico, from 0.17 to 1.9 in Costa Rica, from 0.36 to 1.2 in Trinidad, and from 0.28 to 0.7 in Jamaica (Lamb, 196). These figures show that this phenomenon is some what universal. Lamb has listed the reasons for this social change as â€Å"delays in age at first marriage, rising non-marital cohabitation, and increases in non-marital births† which are again caused by â€Å"women’s growing education and economic independence, a decline in religious influence, an increase in individualism, and a corresponding decline in communalism (196). The risk factors that bring about a divorce as identified by researchers also constitute a very long list (qtd. In Lamb, 197). This list includes, factors like: Marrying a teenager, being poor, having a low level of education, having no children from the marriage, bringing children from a previous union into the marriage, being in a second or higher order marriage, cohabiting prior to marriage, having no religious affiliation, not sharing the same religion with one’s spouse, living in an urban area, and growing up in a household without two continuously married parents (Lamb, 197-198). Other findings of social science research in this regard have suggested that education has a positive association with the risk of divorce (qtd. by Lamb, 198). Many predictive factors of divorce have been identified as well. These comprise of â€Å"frequent arguments, repeated expressions of negative affect, domestic violence, infidelity, and low levels of emotional support, commitment, love and trust between spouses (qtd. by Lamb, 198). When we look into the consequences of divorce on adults, many findings are there to suggest that divorced individuals are in general having lower psychological health and physical health as compared to continuously married people (qtd. by Lamb, 199). This phenomenon can be

Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Information Management - Essay Example As the paper declares safety of the patient has become paramount, and it has become very necessary for hospitals to streamline the volume of health information regarding a patient so as to present it in a manner that is efficient for the doctor to carry out an effective diagnosis. To develop an ideal information management, health software would require the integration of data’s ranging from blood reports, CT scans, surgical reports, inputs from nurses, social workers, medicine companies, insurance companies and other administrative data. Improving the information management and its flow from so many different sources would also lead to considerable increase in efficiency for the health care sector and also effectively help in controlling costs and minimize errors. According to the research findings while the IT industry with its portability and efficiency has made rapid entry into other sectors like airline, finance and banking, its foray into the health care sector has been comparatively limited. Part of the reason is that health care organizations are a bit reluctant to invest money in technology to streamline information. An ideal information management should successfully integrate project management, IT management and change management. Electronic patient record as the name suggests is a complete record of a patient’s medical history, the treatments undergone, medications taken, specific kind of allergies if any, details of immunization and other laboratory reports.

Anchorage in Orthodontics- A Review

Anchorage in Orthodontics- A Review Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with facial growth, the development of the dentition and occlusion, and the diagnosis, interception and treatment of occlusal anomalies. The goal of orthodontic treatment is to improve the persons life by enhancing dental and jaw function and dentofacial aesthetics. This is achieved by obtaining optimal proximal and occlusal contact of teeth (occlusion) within the framework of normal function and physiologic adaptation, acceptable dentofacial aesthetics and self-image and reasonable stability (Graber and Vanarsdal, 1994). Conventional orthodontic treatment is achieved using fixed and removable appliances to achieve a planned end point of treatment. Orthodontic anchorage is an important concept in orthodontic treatment, and can be reinforced by many types of appliances. Orthodontic headgear has traditionally been considered to be the gold standard appliance for reinforcing anchorage. However, an increasing awareness of the drawbacks of headgear, mainly poor patient compliance and serious eye injuries, has led to the development of appliances in which the evidence base supporting their use is incomplete. In addition, it has been suggested that functional appliances which are traditionally used for growth modification, can be used for   anchorage preparation. In this section, the concept of anchorage in orthodontic treatment is reviewed. The definition of anchorage is presented including its relationship to space requirements, extractions and certain appliances, including the potential of using functional appliances for anchorage. As the effectiveness of some of these appliances has been evaluated by randomized trial methodology (RCT), an account of the bias that can arise in RCTs is given and the potential effect this bias may have on the trial results. Finally, the important aspect of measurement of variables in orthodontic research is reviewed focusing on the reliability and validity of new measurement methods using computer software and digital models. 1.2.1 Definition and importance Anchorage in orthodontics can be defined as the resistance to unwanted tooth movement [1]. When an orthodontist/dentist plans treatment they evaluate the anchorage requirement by estimating the amount of space that is needed to correct the malocclusion. Anchorage   or space may be obtained by extracting teeth, moving teeth into certain position and/or the use of orthodontic appliances. Achieving anchorage can be obtained by one of the following methods: 1.2.2 Maximising the potential of available teeth: In this method a force is applied between two points (tooth or groups of teeth) and tooth movement is controlled by making one point more resistant to movement than the other. This is done by careful planning of the site of force application. Examples include: Active movement of one tooth versus several anchor teeth, for example correcting the centreline by moving one tooth at a time. Teeth of greater resistance to movement are utilized as anchorage for the translation of teeth that have less resistance to movement. A common example of this is closing space by pitting the posterior teeth (greater resistance) against the anterior teeth (less resistance). Increasing the number of teeth in the anchor unit, examples are: Adding the second molar to the fixed appliance. Adding the anterior teeth to reinforce posterior anchorage by bending loops mesial to the first molars. Adding teeth from the opposing arch to the anchor unit by utilizing inter-arch elastics. Making movement of anchor teeth more difficult, for example putting a tip- back bend in first molars. Using ankylosed teeth as anchors. 1.2.3 Providing an additional form of orthodontic appliance: The anchorage gained from the previous methods is limited. As a result, it is necessary to reinforce the anchorage with an additional appliance. The most commonly used orthodontic anchorage devices are: Extra oral anchorage (EOA) with headgear Intraoral anchorage with palatal and lingual arches. 1.2.4 Headgear Headgear is an orthodontic appliance that is used to apply forces to the teeth utilising structures outside the oral cavity. Headgear is usually applied to the first maxillary molar via a tube attached to the molar band. The force necessary to provide extra oral anchorage is 200 to 250 gm applied for 10-12 hours per day [2]. Headgear was first used for anchorage by Kingsley in 1866 to retract upper incisors in an upper premolar extraction case [3]. This was followed by Angle in 1888 and Case in 1907 [3]. In 1953, Kloehn developed the contemporary design of headgear that orthodontists   use today [3]. Since then, headgear has been used conventionally when maximum anchorage is required. As a result, it may be considered the gold standard for anchorage in orthodontic anchorage. 1.2.5 Disadvantages of headgear: The use of headgear has the following disadvantages or risks: Compliance: From the early days of headgear use, it was clear that substantial compliance was required and failure to wear headgear, for the prescribed amount   of time, was recognised [3]. Headgear compliance is measured as the discrepancy between actual hours of wear and reported hours of wear and has been evaluated in several studies. Results of these studies have been discouraging as the actual hours of wearing headgear appear to be much lower than that required [4-6]. For example, Brandao et al in 2006 suggested that patients who had been asked to wear their headgear for 14 hours a day, reported wearing their headgear an average of 13.6 hours a day while the actual hours of wear were only 5.6 hours [4]. Cole [6] and Cureton [5] also found that the reported hours of wear were much less than the actual hours of wearing headgear . Soft tissue injuries: Apart from minor injuries to the surrounding intraoral and   extra oral soft tissues, serious ocular injuries have been reported both in Europe and the United States. In some of these instances blindness has resulted as a final result of the injury. Ten eye injuries have been reported in the literature; 2 in the UK, 3 in France, 2 in Italy, 1 in Germany and 2 in the United States [7, 8]. These injuries resulted from one of several factors including dislodgement during sleep, improper removal of headgear or improperly playing with the headgear. Nickel Allergy: A small portion of the population will exhibit sensitivity to the Nickel alloy in facebows [9-11]. Nickel allergies in response to orthodontic appliances are not considered a major health risk. Exacerbation of pre-existing eczema: there has been a case reported in the literature in which an increase in the severity of a pre-existing atopic eczema was observed after headgear wear [12]. It is evident from the problems mentioned that the most significant drawbacks of headgear use are non-compliance and serious eye injuries. Several measures have been taken to overcome these two problems with varying amounts of success. 1.2.6 Improving headgear compliance: Suggestions have been made in the literature to encourage patients to increase the actual number of hours in which headgear is worn; these include the following: The use of a headgear calendar [13], The use of a headgear timer or electronic monitoring device and informing the patient of its presence [14], The use of conscious hypnosis for patient motivation during headgear wear [15], Treatment by a defined behavioural model which depends on a schedule for wearing headgear, in addition to parental observations and rewards based on patient compliance. This behavioural model is flexible and will evolve according   to the patients response and needs [16], Promoting headgear wear by considering gender differences, making patients more aware of their malocclusions and the effect of treatment [17]. 1.2.7 Headgear safety mechanisms: Several features have been added to headgear in an attempt to prevent elastic   recoil injuries or unintentional detachment of the headgear. These include: Lock mechanisms which prevent release of the facebows from the molar tubes [18], Snap-release headgears which prevent elastic recoil of the facebows when an excessive force is used [7], Plastic safety straps which attempt to limit the movement of the facebows [7], Intraoral elastics to attach the inner bow to the molar tube [7], Blunting and smoothening the ends of the facebows to reduce the potential for injury [7]. It has been recommended that at least two of these mechanisms are used simultaneously in addition to clear verbal and written instructions to the patients and parents [19]. In summary, headgear is considered the gold standard appliance for providing anchorage. However, in order for it to work effectively, it requires a significant amount of patient cooperation and compliance. There have been many attempts to improve headgear compliance, which is a reflection of the failure to overcome this problem. Finally, there   are several safety issues related to headgear, which may discourage patients and orthodontists from its use. The ideal solution would be to use an anchorage device that provides at least the same anchorage potential as headgear, but requires little or no compliance. This has led to the development of surgical anchorage devices. 1.2.3 Surgical anchorage In this thesis I will use the term surgical anchorage to denote all types of anchorage devices which are surgically placed in the maxilla or mandible. The use of implants for orthodontic anchorage is a rapidly developing field and appears to be very promising. It has evolved from using conventional restorative implants in the line of the arch to more specialized palatal implants and mini-plates, to mini-screw implants. Types of surgical anchorage include mini-screw implants, mini-plates and midpalatal implants. The mini-screw implant is a modification of screws used for fixation of maxillofacial fractures. Although they have varying lengths and diameters, they are generally smaller than maxillofacial fixation screws, hence the term mini. It is also important to distinguish mini-screw implants from midpalatal implants which can be used for orthodontic anchorage, as the latter are endosseous implants and a modification of prosthetic implants. Mini-plates are small surgical plates that must be surgically screwed to bone under the soft tissue. Mini-screw implants may provide anchorage reinforcement because of the combination of mechanical retention immediately after insertion (primary stability) and a degree of osseointegration. Mini-plates provide a stable structure fixed to bone for application of forces and midpalatal implants offer stability by osseointegration. Despite the widespread adoption of this type of technology, there is a dearth of high quality clinical research into their effectiveness. The literature concerning their use is referenced in section III as part of the systematic review. 1.2.4 Class II functional appliances Functional appliances are orthodontic appliances that utilize the facial and masticatory musculature to produce orthodontic forces. They are commonly used in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. They can either be removable, for example the Clarks Twin Block appliance, or fixed, for example, the Herbst appliance. In the UK, the most popular functional appliance for treating Class II malocclusions is the Twin Block [20]. Functional appliances were developed to treat malocclusions by growth modification,   by encouraging differential growth of the mandible and maxilla. In Class II malocclusions the objective is to encourage growth of the mandible and/or restrain growth of the maxilla. While this theoretical effect of functional appliances is often quoted, the evidence behind these concepts is lacking.   Recently, there have been a number of randomized clinical   trials evaluating the skeletal effect of functional appliances. These are summarised in a Cochrane systematic review published in 2013 which assessed and analysed outcomes of 17 studies [21]. These studies produce interesting results. When early two-phase treatment with a functional appliance was compared to adolescent one phase treatment (patients who did not receive a functional appliance), there was no difference in the final ANB (MD -0.02 °, 95% CI -0.47 to 0.43. P = 0.92). Similarly, when a comparison was made for early treatment between headgear and functional appliances, there was no difference in the final ANB (MD -0.17 °, 95% CI -0.67 to 0.34, P = 0.52). When functional appliance treatment was performed in adolescents and compared to untreated controls, there was a statistically significant difference in ANB (MD -2.37 °, 95% CI -3.01 to -1.74, P It was concluded from the results of these trials that the amount of skeletal change (growth modification), from the use of functional appliances is small and is unlikely to be   clinically significant. Nevertheless, it is clear that these appliances are very effective in the correction of Class II malocclusion primarily through dentoalveolar movements. The following effects of Twin Block treatment are clinically useful: Enhancing facial appearance [22, 23] Distalising upper molars and molar correction [24, 25] Reducing the overjet [24-30] Proclination of lower incisors [24-26, 28, 30, 31] Retroclination of upper incisors [24-26, 28, 30] A case report using Twin Blocks to treat a Class II division II case suggested that a Twin Block can be used instead of headgear derived anchorage [32]. When we consider the preparation of orthodontic anchorage it is common clinical experience that molar correction and the reduction of the overjet are major factors in reducing the anchorage requirements of a case. As a result, some clinicians use functional appliances in anchorage preparation with the aim of avoiding dental extractions or other forms of anchorage. A common method of achieving this is by utilizing a 2-phase treatment protocol during adolescence [33]. The first phase of treatment is achieved by using only a functional appliance. This phase usually continues until the overjet and/or molar relationship is corrected. The clinician may then choose to retain the correction obtained by the functional appliance by keeping the functional appliance in place or by using a simple removable appliance [34]. This is immediately foll owed by a second phase of active fixed orthodontic treatment. 1.2.5 Extraction As mentioned in the previous section, the anchorage requirements of a case are related to the space available in the upper and lower arches. It is common orthodontic practice to change anchorage requirement by the extraction of teeth [2]. The literature examining factors influencing the extraction decision can be divided into three different methodologies according to the method of study. These are: (i) the studies that directly ask clinicians their stated reasons for extraction, (ii) studies that measured the influence of the presence or absence of a cephalometric radiograph on the decision to extract, and (iii) studies that define some patient characteristic, such as cephalometric variables or orthodontic indices, and attempt to identify a correlation between these characteristics and whether or not extractions had been undertaken. I will discuss these studies in the following section: 1.2.5.1 Clinicians stated reasons influencing the extraction decision Only one study, Baumrind et al, directly asked orthodontists the factors that were related   to their decision to extract teeth as part of a course of treatment [35]. In this study full orthodontic records of 72 patients were given to 5 clinical instructors in a University setting in the USA. They were given a treatment planning form to complete for each patient; included in the form were questions about the extraction decision and the reasons for extraction. The clinicians stated that the most important reasons for extraction were crowding (49%), followed by incisor protrusion in 14% and profile improvement in 8%. Other, less frequent, reasons were Concern over Class II severity and concern for post- treatment stability (5%). No other single reason was stated as the most important reason in more than 2% of the forms. When considering all replies, crowding was cited in 72% of forms, incisor protrusion in 35%, profile improvement in 27% and Class II severity in 15%. No other si ngle reason was stated in more than 9% of forms. This was a simple cross-sectional study, in which the patient records and the participants were a convenience sample. It does, however, provide some relevant information on the reasons for extraction. 1.2.5.2 Cephalometric radiographs influencing the extraction decision: There have been several studies that have evaluated the effect of radiographs on the extraction decision. For example, Devereux et al [36] carried out a study in which a group of orthodontists were sent the orthodontic records of 6 patients on a CD, not containing lateral cephalometric radiographs or tracings, and were asked if they would extract teeth (T1). At this point, the orthodontists did not know that they were to be asked to examine the cases again after a washout period. After a period of 8 weeks (T2), the orthodontists were sent the records of the same 6 patients, but the lateral cephalometric radiographs and tracings were included in the records. They were asked again if they would extract teeth. The decisions made by this group (group A) were compared to another group of orthodontists (group B) who had full patient records, including lateral cephalometric radiographs and tracings, at both T1 and T2. It was found that the orthodontists in group A were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0-2.8) times more likely to change their extraction decision than those in group B (odds ratio). In a similar investigation, Nijkamp et al investigated the influence of lateral cephalometric radiographs on the treatment planning decision [37]. This was a crossover design in which diagnostic records of 48 patients were given to 10 orthodontic postgraduates and 4 orthodontists. They were asked to formulate a treatment plan based around a dichotomous decision regarding three treatment options; (i) extraction, (ii) the use of a functional appliance and (iii) the use of rapid maxillary expansion. The diagnostic records at T1 included dental casts, but did not include a lateral cephalometric radiograph. T2 was 1 month later, and included both dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs and values. This design was repeated so that at T3, which was one month after T2, only dental casts were included; and at T4, which was one month after T3, dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs were included in the diagnostic records. Agreement between the treatment planning decision with and without the lateral cephalometric radiograph was assessed. In order for the treatment plans to agree, decisions about all three treatment options had to be the same. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment plans between the use of only dental casts or with additional cephalometric information (P = 0.74). Another study by Han et al evaluated the effect of the incremental addition of diagnostic records on the extraction decision [38]. Five orthodontists provided a treatment plan for 57 patients. Orthodontic records were given to each of the five orthodontists in the following order: Session 1: study models only Session 2: study models and facial photographs Session 3: study models, facial photographs, and panoramic radiographs Session 4: study models, facial photographs, panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs. Session 5: all the previous records in addition to a lateral cephalometric tracing. The time interval between each session was 1 month, and the records were re-numbered between sessions. In each session, the orthodontists were asked to select a treatment pathway from a decision tree. The end point of each of the treatment pathway was a decision on whether or not to extract. The treatment planning decisions for each of the orthodontists in session 5 was considered the gold standard for that clinician. As a   result, the proportion of agreement between the treatment plan in each of the four sessions and the treatment plan in session 5 was obtained. The proportions of agreement between sessions 1, 2, 3, 4 and session 5 were 55%, 55%, 65% and 60% respectively. Therefore,] they concluded that study models alone are adequate for treatment planning, and that the addition of other types of diagnostic records made only a small difference. These three studies were good quality cross-sectional studies. The randomisation and method of washout were clear strengths of the studies. In addition sample size calculations were undertaken in two of these studies; Devereux et al and Nijkamp et al. 1.2.5.3 Patient characteristics influencing the extraction decision: The final type of studies evaluating the extraction decision are studies which attempt to identify a correlation between patient characteristics and whether or not extractions had been undertaken. Two studies, Xie et al and Takada et al, used a mathematical model to construct a decision-making Expert System (ES), which could formulate treatment decisions. [39, 40]. ES is a branch of artificial intelligence in which the computer programme simulates the decision-making and working processes of experts and solves clinical problems. They developed a model in which twenty-five patient characteristics were tested on 180 treated patients [39]. The rate of coincidence between the recommendations given by the optimized model and the actual treatments performed was found to be 100%. The characteristics that influenced the extraction decision were the anterior teeth uncovered by incompetent lips and IMPA (L1-MP). Another similar study was carried   out by Takada et   al whenÂà ‚   they selected   25 patient   characteristics   and 188 treated patients in their model [40]. The rate of coincidence between the recommendations given by the model and the actual treatment performed was 90.4%. The characteristics mostly influencing the extraction decision were incisor overjet and upper and lower arch length discrepancies. Heckmann et al investigated the influence of the angulations between the first and second lower molars on panoramic x-rays, on the extraction decision [41]. They used a sample of 30 patients treated by a premolar extraction approach, and a further matched sample of patients treated with a non-extraction approach. Pre- and post-treatment panoramic x-rays were scanned and computer software used to measure the angulations between lower first and second molars. Comparison between the mean angulation of the molars before treatment in the extraction and non-extraction group was not significant. Li et al compared mean cephalometric parameters and model analysis of Class II division 1 patients who were treated with either an extraction or non-extraction approach [42]. The sample consisted of 81 patients; 42 who had 4 premolar extractions and 39 who had non- extraction treatment. The extraction group had statistically significant greater values for the following parameters; arch length discrepancy, curve of spee, upper incisor tip, Frankfort-mandibular plane angle and lower anterior facial height. Bishara et al compared patient characteristics of Class II division 1 patients who were treated with either an extraction or non-extraction approach [43]. The sample consisted of 91 patients; 44 had first premolar extractions and 47 who had non-extraction treatment. A statistically significant difference was found between the extraction and non-extraction groups with regards to the following parameters; upper and lower arch length discrepancy, upper and lower lip protrusion in relation to the aesthetic plane in male patients, and the protrusion of the lower lip in female subjects. These studies were retrospective in nature. There were variations among the studies in the application of inclusion criteria in an attempt to control the characteristics of patients included in the study. Nevertheless, selection bias was inevitably present in these studies. Bias due to periodical changes may also be present due to the retrospective nature of the studies. In summary, studies evaluating the factors influencing the extraction decision are few in number. They have been carried out by gathering the opinion of clinicians in cross sectional studies or by conducting retrospective investigations on a sample of cases in which teeth were extracted as part of orthodontic treatment. The main deficiencies of the studies were due to inadequate selection and number of the study sample; and bias arising from their retrospective nature. References: 1.Roberts-Harry, D. and J. Sandy, Orthodontics. Part 9: Anchorage control and  distal movement. British Dental Journal, 2004. 196(5): p. 255-263.   2. Mitchell, L., An Introduction to Orthodontics. Second Edition ed. 2002, Oxford,  UK: Oxford University Press. 3. Charles T, P., Jr., Cervical headgear usage and thebioprogressive orthodontic  philosophy. Seminars in Orthodontics, 1998. 4(4): p. 219-230. 4. Brandao, M., H.S. Pinho, and D. Urias, Clinical and quantitative assessment of  headgear compliance: a pilot study. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2006. 129(2): p. 239-44. 5. Cureton, S.L., F.J. Regennitter, and J.M. Yancey, Clinical versus quantitative  assessment of headgear compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics   Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1993. 104(3): p. 277-84. 6. Cole, W.A., Accuracy of patient reporting as an indication of headgear  compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2002.  121(4): p. 419-23. 7. Samuels, R.H.A. and N. Brezniak, Orthodontic facebows: safety issues and  current management. Journal of Orthodontics, 2002. 29(2): p. 101-7.   8. Samuels, R.H., A review of orthodontic face-bow injuries and safety equipment.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1996. 110(3): p.  269-272. 9. Burden, D.J. and D.J. Eedy, Orthodontic headgear related to allergic contact  dermatitis: a case report. British Dental Journal, 1991. 170(12): p. 447-8.   10. Lowey, M.N., Allergic contact dermatitis associated with the use of an Interlandi  headgear in a patient with a history of atopy. British Dental Journal, 1993. 175(2):  p. 67-72. 11. Kerosuo, H.M. and J.E. Dahl, Adverse patient reactions during orthodontic  treatment with fixed appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial  Orthopedics, 2007. 132(6): p. 789-95. 12. McComb, J.L. and C.M. King, Atopic eczema and orthodontic headgear. Dental  Update, 1992. 19(9): p. 396-7. 13. Cureton, S.L., F.J. Regennitter, and J.M. Yancey, The role of the headgear  calendar in headgear compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics   Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1993. 104(4): p. 387-94. 14. Doruk, C., U. Agar, and H. Babacan, The role of the headgear timer in extraoral  co-operation. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2004. 26(3): p. 289-91.   15. Trakyali, G., et al., Conscious hypnosis as a method for patient motivation in  cervical headgear weara pilot study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2008.  30(2): p. 147-52. 16. Gross, A.M., G. Samson, and M. Dierkes, Patient cooperation in treatment with  removable appliances: A model of patient noncompliance with treatment implications. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1985. 87(5): p. 392-397.   17. Clemmer, E.J. and E.W. Hayes, Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic  headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1979. 75(5): p. 517-24.   18. Samuels, R., et al., A clinical evaluation of a locking orthodontic facebow.  American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2000. 117(3): p.  344-350. 19. ADVICE ON THE USE OF HEADGEAR, D.A.S.C. The British Orthodontic  Society (BOS), Editor. 20. Chadwick, S.M., P. Banks, and J.L. Wright, The use of myofunctional appliances  in the UK: a survey of British orthodontists. Dental Update, 1998. 25(7): p. 302-8.   21. Thiruvenkatachari, B., et al., Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front  teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic  Reviews 2013, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003452. DOI:  10.1002/14651858.CD003452.pub3., 2013. 22. OBrien, K., et al., Early treatment for Class II malocclusion and perceived  improvements in facial profile. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial  Orthopedics, 2009. 135(5): p. 580-5. 23. Singh, G.D. and W.J. Clark, Soft tissue changes in patients with Class II Division 1  malocclusions treated using Twin Block appliances: finite-element scaling  analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 2003. 25(3): p. 225-30. 24. OBrien, K., et al., Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block  appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: Dental and skeletal  effects. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2003.  124(3): p. 234-43; quiz 339. 25. Keeling, S.D., et al., Anteroposterior skeletal and dental changes after early Class  II treatment with bionators and headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics   Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1998. 113(1): p. 40-50. 26. Illing, H.M., D.O. Morris, and R.T. Lee, A prospective evaluation of Bass,  Bionator and Twin Block appliances. Part IThe hard tissues. European Journal of  Orthodontics, 1998. 20(5): p. 501-16. 27. Thiruvenkatachari, B., et al., Comparison of Twin-block and Dynamax appliances  for the treatment of Class II malocclusion in adolescents: a randomized controlled  trial. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2010. 138(2):  p. 144.e1-9; discussion 144-5. 28. OBrien, K., et al., Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the  Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal  of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2003. 124(2): p. 128-37. 29. OBrien, K., et al., Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the  Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. American  Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2009. 135(5): p. 573-9.   30. Tulloch, J.F.C., W.R. Proffit, and C. Phillips, Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized  clinical

Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass Essa

Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women of both the ages of Victorian and early Modernism were restricted from education at universities or the financial independence of professionalism. In both ages, women writers often rebelled against perceived female expectations as a result of their oppression. To lead a solitary life as a subservient wife and mother was not satisfactory for writers like Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Virginia Woolf. One of the most popular female poets of the Victorian era, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, illustrated "a woman's struggle to achieve artistic and economical independence in modern society" (Longman P.1858). Many Victorian critics were shocked by Barrett Browning's female rebellion, which was rare for the era. With her autobiographical epic poem, Aurora Leigh provoked critics who were "scandalized by its radical revision of Victorian ideals of femininity" (P.1859). In the age of Modernism, women were finally given the some rights to a higher education and p rofessionalism i n 1928 (p.2175). However, female poets of early Modernism, such as Virginia Woolf, were raised in the Victorian age. Rebellion toward "Victorian sexual norms and gender roles" (P.2175) are reflected in Woolf's modern literary piece, such as The Lady in the Looking-Glass: A Reflection. Also echoed in the piece, is how Woolf   "never lost the keen sense of anguish nor the self-doubt occasioned by the closed doors of the academy to women" (P.2445).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both of the female protagonists, Aurora of Aurora Leigh and Isabella of The Lady in the Looking Glass: A Reflection, represent the rebellion and self-doubt of their female writers. Aurora rebels against the Vi... ...r letters, they were all bills" (P.2456). The rebellion ultimately led to emptiness, as Isabella chose not to have relations to preserve her freedom.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking Glass: A Reflection help define female rebellion from Victorian and Modernism eras.   The portrayal of the nature of the rebellion differs between the eras. The Victorian protagonist was more innocent in her struggle to gain independence. When that independence was achieved, it was like discovering a new religion. On the other hand, the Protagonists if the modernism era no longer were innocent in her rebellion. Forced to live a solitary life to seal her independence, she was hardened by the memories of the Victorian ideals for women.    Longman. The Longman Anthology of British Literature, vol. B. Damrosch, D. NY, LA: Addison Wesley Longman.

Jeffersonian Era †Dbq

Rinya Kamber AP US 3rd 10/10/11 Jeffersonian Era – DBQ The period between 1815 and 1825 was inaccurately dubbed the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Despite the relatively low political opposition and boom of westward expansion and economy, bigger problems such as the economic bust as well as the differing beliefs of northern and southern states threatened the strength and unity of the nation during this time. After the war of 1812, the surge of nationalistic feelings took place, but, simultaneously, there were underlying forces of sectionalism. Economic and demographic expansion led to a positive, nationalistic view of the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† but also had its setbacks. As John C. Calhoun- a US representative who suggested the idea of federal funding for internal improvements- stated in 1817, â€Å"We are great, and rapidly- I was about to say fearfully- growing. This is out price and danger, our weakness and our strength. † One cause of this rapid growth was high foreign demands for American farm goods in 1819 due to the agricultural disruption Napoleon’s excursions were causing in Europe. While this sudden demand increase led to territorial expansion, it also dropped crop prices significantly and caused the US Bank to give out less loans, credit, and mortgages, causing an economic bust. Another nationalistic contributor to the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was the growth of white settlement and trade in the west. Depicted by John Krimmel, American citizens’ festivities during the Fourth of July ceremony in 1819 clearly show that strong nationalistic awareness of the time. If one observes the density of population in 1820, it is clear that there is a surge of westward expansion into the Old Northwest and Old Southwest- especially after Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase in 1803. With Jackson’s victory in the Seminole War and the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819, Florida was now a US territory. All of these economic and demographic expansions added to the ‘good feelings’ during this particular time period. Not much political turmoil occurred initially, but there were many deeply-rooted issues that needed confrontation such as disputes between northern and southern states’ beliefs on government and slavery. Republican Monroe had little difficulty during the presidential election of 1820. With the decline of the Federalist Party, he faced no serious opposition. Then, with the election of 1824, support was dispersed and Jackson technically won both the Popular Vote as well as the Electoral Vote, as seen in the visual and informational comparative maps of the two elections. Yet, Adams took the Presidency anyway. Jacksonians resented this and therefore haunted Adams’ term in office, which led to the sectionalism occurring in the so-called â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Differences between northern and southern states also led to divisions. In the north, people favored a strong centralized government with an industrial economy whereas in the south, an agrarian society that gave more local power to the individual states was favored. These differences are clearly pointed out by John Randolph (a southerner) in 1816: â€Å"†¦favoring the manufacturers†¦while agriculturists bear the whole brunt of the war and taxation, and remain poor, while the others run in the ring of pleasure, and fatten upon them. † Another issue dividing the states was the question of slavery. Jefferson described the â€Å"momentous question† as a â€Å"fireball in the night†¦a new irritation that will mark deeper and deeper. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed the new state to enter the Union under two circumstances: that Maine would also enter the union as a free state, keeping the balance, and that under the Tallmadge Agreement, restrictions on slavery would be put into play. Political disagreements, differences in northern and southern states’ beliefs, and issues that were aroused with the creation of new states all contributed to the growing sectionalism and are reason to believe that the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was not such a good era after all.

Online MBA Degree University of Phoenix

When more income is earned the demand for goods will shift to the right as more goods and higher levels of goods are demanded across the board. The budget line follows the law of demand as it shifts to the right showing an Increase In the quantity demanded of Items. This should not be confused with movement along the curve which Is caused by a change in price of a specific good. The purpose of a market system To allow government to control what is sold. To set constraints between buyers and sellers. To bring buyers and sellers Into contact * d.To allow an organization to set prices In relation to their products. Rejoinder: In the market system an exchange of money for goods and or services takes place. A true market system sets the price through barter where the goods and services sell for the best price offered by the buyers creating equilibrium. For this exchange to take place the market serves as a meeting place for buyers and sellers. If the organization sets its prices there may not be market equilibrium and that can result in either a shortage or a surplus.By specializing In the production of one good a company Is able to benefit from economies of scale which Increases their revenues. Attributes of specialization Include Reducing costs by creating a surplus. Saving time by allowing a worker to focus on one task* Encouraging workers to learn new skills. Encouraging workers to learn a number of different skills. Rejoinder: Specialization occurs when a firm is able to use the resources available to it to produce one product or family of products rather than trying to produce multiple goods and spreading the firm's resources In many directions.By focusing or concentrating on one task workers can achieve a higher level of training in that skill and become more productive. Firms always strive to produce only the amount of reduce they can sell to maximize their profits. The market system promotes progress by a, Creating incentive to continue to do things In the same way b. Restricting the amount of capital directed to specific goods. C. Slowly adjusting to changes In the In ten prices AT resources. A Provoking Incentive Tort technological advances.Rejoinder: Because firms are competing for consumers' dollars they always want to have the newest and latest product available which will be the most advanced in their category and appeal to consumers as new purchases. This provides incentive to stay ahead of the competition in developing new technology. If a firm continues without advancing its product the competition that do advance will attract their customers which is why firms dedicate resources to research and development.Revenue increases when producer surplus increase* producer surplus decreases consumer surplus increases consumer surplus decreases. Rejoinder: Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum price the producer is willing to receive and what they actually receive. The surplus is their profit and the larger the surplu s the greater their profit on the good. When it decreases they are receiving a price closer to their minimum acceptable. The consumer surplus measures what the consumer is willing to pay and its difference from the market price.The closer to the market price the higher the consumer surplus because they are spending less than they are willing to and the less spent the lower the revenue will be for the good. An increase in the price of an inelastic good will decrease revenues decrease the percentage change in quantity less than the percentage change in price increase revenues* increase the percentage change in quantity more than the percentage change in price Rejoinder: Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers will continue to arches even when price increases.This increases the revenue as more is paid for each good. The percentage change In price increases faster than the change in quantity which may remain constant. When we pay more for a good or service revenue will increase. Objective 1. 2: Explain market equilibrating process Productive efficiency is when the most valued combination of resources is used. The best technology is used. * when production occurs at a fair cost per unit. Fewer resources are left for production of other goods.Rejoinder: Efficiency is when we get the most out of the resources that are used to produce a good. This means having the newest and unsurpassed technology to produce the least waste and the lowest cost. Unused resources due to the new technology can then be allocated to the production of other goods. The market is said to be in equilibrium when there is potential for a shortage but not a surplus there is potential for a surplus but not a shortage. Neither a shortage nor a surplus exists* the quantity sold equals the quantity purchased. Appliers are asking for a product. It is the market price where the two come together and all the goods produced are sold without leaving anyone demanding additional units of that good. T he market will move too higher equilibrium price if the decrease in supply is greater than the decrease in demand* the increase in supply is greater than the increase in demand. The decrease in demand is greater than the decrease in supply. The increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply. Rejoinder: Price serves as a rationing tool for the demand of goods.If the price is too high fewer of the good are demanded and if it is too low more of the good is demanded than is available. The market seeks a price where the demand for goods will equal the supply of goods. When supply decreases the price will ration the good y increasing till there is no excess demand for the good or shortage of the good. The intersection of supply and demand will be at a lower equilibrium price but a higher equilibrium quantity if supply is constant and demand increases. F supply is constant and demand decreases if demand is constant and supply decreases. If demand is constant and supply increases * Rejoinder: Supply and demand intersect at the equilibrium price. The demand curve is a straight line measuring the quantity demanded at different price levels. When supply increases the supply curve shifts to the right and more of the good is available. Since the demand curve remains constant the supply curve will intersect at a lower point indicating the increase in quantity.When a price ceiling occurs the market price will be lower than the equilibrium price * the market price will be higher than the equilibrium price. The supply will exceed the demand buyers will not be willing to pay more than the ceiling price. Rejoinder: A price ceiling is the maximum price that can be charged for a good or service. It is imposed below the equilibrium price to allow those who would otherwise not be able to afford the good to purchase it. Placing it above the equilibrium price would make it ineffective ND unnecessary as the market price would then prevail.Income elasticity increases when the number of complementary goods decreases when the number of substitute goods decreases when buyers' income decreases* when buyers' income increases Rejoinder: Income elasticity measures the percentage change of the quantity demand to the percentage change in a consumer's income. If the consumer's income changes disproportionably to prices it affects the demand for goods. If income decreases and the price of goods stay the same then fewer goods are affordable and more goods become elastic as they are no longer a necessity or must have to the buyer.

6 Tips for Writing your Dissertation Results and Findings

6 Tips for Writing your Dissertation Results and Findings 6 Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Results and Findings After conducting a literature review, designing your research, gathering data and performing in-depth analysis, it can be tempting to cut corners when it comes to presenting the results and findings in your dissertation. But doing so would undermine the hard work you’ve put in so far, and writing a great results chapter isn’t as difficult as it might seem. The keys to success here are clarity and context. Clarity is important because you need your data to be easy to understand. Context is important because you need to communicate the significance of your results in relation to the research questions. As such, it is always a good idea to follow these helpful tips. Check with Your Advisor about How to Present Your Data Many schools will have a style guide covering what is expected from the results and findings chapter of your work. Ask your advisor if you dont already have a style guide, and use this to guide your work. Check Similar Studies Different disciplines present results in different ways. In the hard sciences, for instance, basic findings are often presented separately from the discussion. In the social sciences, however, it is more common to present the results and discussion at the same time. Provide an Introductory Paragraph By explaining what your findings chapter will include, you will prime your reader to understand what follows. This may involve briefly restating the methods of analysis used, particularly if your work includes statistical data. Look Back to the Rest of Your Thesis This is especially true for the literature review and methodology chapters. Referring to the literature review allows you to compare your results to those achieved by others in your field. Referring to your methodology, meanwhile, lets you determine whether your findings were influenced by the techniques used to gather and analyze data. Explain How You Interpreted the Data How you reached a conclusion won’t always be obvious from the data alone. Instead, you need to explain the significance of your results in relation to your hypothesis and justify your conclusions. Use Graphs, Tables and Figures A well-chosen table or graph is an excellent way of presenting your data. However, remember that using too many graphs and charts without explaining their significance can be confusing for the reader! If you need more tips on how to write your dissertation, you should check out the rest of our academic blog. And don’t forget that you can have one of our proofreaders check your dissertation for spelling, grammar and consistency. That way you can rest assured that your work will be its very best!

Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays

Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay There have been ongoing public and professional concerns about the issue of domestic force in the universe. This involvement has resulted in a turning organic structure of research grounds which examine the prevalence and correlatives of this type of force ( Archer, 2002 ; Fagan A ; Browne, 1994 ; Johnson A ; Ferraro, 2000 ) . The most common signifier of force against adult females is domestic force, or the force against adult females in households. Research systematically demonstrates that a adult female is more likely to be injured, raped or killed by a current or former spouse than by any other individuals. Work force may kick, seize with teeth, smack, clout or seek to strangulate their married womans or spouses ; they may fire them or throw acid on their faces ; they may crush or ravish them, with either their organic structure parts or crisp objects and they may utilize deathly arms to knife or hit them. At times, adult females are earnestly injured, and in some instances they are killed or decease, as a consequence of their hurts ( United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1996 ) . The assaults are intended to wound adult females s psychological wellness and organic structures, which normally include humiliation and physical force. Just like anguish, the assaults are unpredictable and bear small relation to adult females s ain behavior. Furthermore, the assaults may go on for hebdomads, and even old ages. Some adult females may believe that they deserve the whippings because of some incorrect actions on their parts, while others refrain from talking about the maltreatment because they fear that their spouse will further harm them in reprisal for uncovering the household secrets or they may merely be ashamed of their state of affairs ( United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Particular Reporters on force against adult females, E/CN.4/1996/53, February 1996 ) . Physical and sexual force against adult females is an tremendous job throughout the universe. The culprits are typically males near to adult females, such as their intimate spouses and household members. Violence puts adult females at hazard for both short- and long-run subsequence which involves their physical, psychological, and societal wellbeing. The prevalence of force affecting adult females is dismaying and it constitutes a serious wellness job. No adult female is safe from domestic force, no affair what state or civilization she lives in. Harmonizing to the latest UN study, one in three adult females is raped, crush, or abused during her life-time. The juncture of today s universe Eliminate Violence against Women s Day focuses on Iran, where maltreatment mostly goes unreported and officially at least unrecognised. Some research workers have argued that force is every bit a job for both sexes ( Gelles, 1974 ; Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980 ; both cited in Dwyer, 1996 ) . However, as Bograd ( 1988 ) points out, this statement ignores the disproportional rate of male force against adult females and that most documented female force is committed in self-defense. Furthermore, it besides ignores the structural supports for male force against adult females. There is abundant grounds which suggests that force, against adult females by their hubbies or spouses, is a historical and current norm ( i.e. Dobash and Dobash, 1988 ; Geller, 1992 ; Gordon, 1998 ) . Some of the unfavorable judgments of cognitive behavioral therapies are that they tend to disregard societal and political factors which affect clients ( Enns, 1997 ) . Peoples who are stateless, battered, or hapless may non hold the fiscal resources or societal support to utilize some cognitive and behavioral methods. Cognitive-behaviour therapy positions that behavior is chiefly determined by what that individual thinks. Cognitive-behaviour therapy works on the premiss that ideas of low dignity are wrong and due to faulty acquisition. In add-on, the purpose of therapy is to acquire rid of the faulty constructs which influence negative thought. Furthermore, cognitive behavioral therapies may non go to to client s cultural premises about reason which are instead inexplicit in such therapies. To do cognitive and behavioral therapies more compatible with the womens rightist therapy, Worell and Remer ( 2003 ) suggested altering labels that stress the pathology of people, concentrating on feeling, and incorporating thoughts about gender-role socialisation, instead than utilizing negative or pathological labels such as deformation, unreason, or faulty thought. Worell and Remer ( 2003 ) suggest that clients explore thoughts, based on the gender-role generalisations which appear to be distorted or irrational. For illustration, instead than labelling the idea that adult females s topographic point is in the place as irrational, the healer should research the existent wagess and penalties for populating out this stereotypic belief. By concentrating on choler, peculiarly angry 1s which arise as a consequence of gender-role restrictions or favoritism, adult females can be helped to experience independent and derive control over their lives. Therefore, assisting adult females with their social-role issues, gender-role and power analysis can be helpful in researching ways of covering with social force per unit areas which interfere with adult females s development. This is supported by Wyche ( 2001 ) who believes that cognitive and behavior therapies are peculiarly relevant for adult females of coloring material because they focus on the present, supplying clients with methods to utilize in managing the current jobs. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Violence by intimate spouses has been recognized throughout the universe as a important wellness job. For case, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) focuses on force against adult females as a precedence wellness issue. Violence by intimate spouses refers to any behavior within an confidant partnership which causes physical, psychological, or sexual injury to those in the relationship. Violence against adult females is a manifestation of historically unequal power dealingss between work forces and adult females ( Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993 ) . Harmonizing to this Declaration fright is the biggest result of force against adult females. Fear from force is a large obstruction of adult females s independency and consequences in adult females to go on seeking the work forces s support, and in many cases this support consequences in the exposure and dependence of adult females, and is the chief obstruction in the authorization of adult females s potencies, which can convey about the development of their capacities and to utilize their energy in the betterment of society. Violence and maltreatment across the universe are a common phenomenon and are non specific to a peculiar society, civilization or outlook. Womans in any given state and society are in one manner or another subjected to force in the private ( place ) environment or public ( societal ) environment. In position of the irreversible effects of force for both the homo, societal and household construction of society, and for adult females themselves. This issue must go excess sensitive in the universe. In fact, gender-based force against adult females is the misdemeanor of their human rights and cardinal freedoms, the denial of their religious and physical unity and an abuse to their self-respect. Violence against adult females is an obstruction of entree to equal aims, development and peace. The term force against adult females is associated to any violent act that is gender-based that consequences in physical, mental and sexual injury and agony. The chief ground for the separation of work forces and adult females is mental maltreatment. Mental maltreatment is an opprobrious behavior which hurts and amendss the adult female s honor, self-respect and assurance. This type of maltreatment consequences the loss of perceptual experience, loss of assurance, assorted types of depression, adult female s failure in pull offing the household, greed at the work environment, the Reconstruction of violent behavior in kids, adult female s disfunction in the household, turning to depressants, intoxicant, drugs, fortune-telling ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Violence against adult females in Iran takes topographic point in a figure of ways: 1 Honour violent death ; 2 Self-immolation ; 3 Domestic force ; 4 Prostitution ; 5 Human trafficking, adult females and kids in peculiar. Violence reduces the assurance of adult females in the household. Women, who are abused, normally become down, secluded, and withdrawn people. Depression is besides one of the most cardinal psychological jobs in adult females who are in domestic force. ( Enayat, Halimeh,2006 ) . Standards for reding pattern was developed in response to studies from adult females who were dissatisfied with the reding they received after sing domestic force, and concerns raised by workers in adult females s domestic force services ( Inner South Domestic Violence Service in Melbourne ) . Harmonizing to the Welfare Organization of Iran ( 2006 ) , the rate of mental unwellness among adult females victimized by domestic force is significantly higher than among other adult females holding hospital contact. It was noted that while an established web existed for domestic force crisis and support services were designed specifically to run into the demands of adult females, reding services tended to be generalized, with merely a few practicians specialising in the country. Furthermore, there has been no survey to demo counselors which intervention for the mental wellness intervention of adult females who experienced domestic force is better than the others ( WBO, 2006 ) . Family Torahs in Iran, create inequality between work forces and adult females, and these Torahs do non hold the capacity to protect adult females who live with violent work forces, and force has turned into a power tool for work forces. As the state progresses into an industrial state, more academically qualified professionals are in great demand in Iran. Womans who have experienced domestic force are subjected to considerable sum of jobs refering mental wellness related to domestic force. In a survey by A. A. Noorbala, conducted at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the prevalence of mental upsets was shown to be 21.3 % in the rural countries, and this was 20.9 % in the urban countries. Harmonizing to an old Persian expression, Women should give themselves and digest. This shows that many adult females, if non most adult females, are involved in domestic force. It happens in private life and a legal ailment can destruct the life of a adult female. In other words, parts of the population have the perceptual experience that maltreatment is done in order to maintain with the traditions of the society and out of love. Women, who are victims of domestic force, perceived that their hubbies covetous reactions which turn into force are a mark of their love and attending to them. In a very traditional and spiritual scene in which many [ in Iran ] live, their apprehension of faith and the reading given to them throughout the centuries is that a adult male can crush his married woman. They believe that it is a spiritual bid and the observers, who have portrayed Islam in this visible radiation as a violent faith, have besides contributed to the growing of this sort of civilization. The constabulary and judicial system are of small aid. If a beat-up adult female calls the constabulary, it is improbable that they will step in. Ironically, the traditional attitude towards matrimonial struggle in Iran slopes people to intercede between the twosome. In many instances, the adult female is normally sent back to her violent place. In the Persian judicial system, there has been no jurisprudence established to forestall domestic force. On the contrary, there are many indexs which encourage force against adult females in households in the Persian Islamic penal codification . Some writers estimate that the figure of intimate relationships with violent hubbies is approximately 20 to 30 per centum ( Stark A ; Flitcraft, 1988 ; Straus A ; Gelles, 1986 ) . Broken castanetss, abortions, broken households, decease, and some mental wellness upsets are some of the effects of buffeting in intimate relationships. Each twelvemonth, over one million adult females seek medical attention due to buffeting ( Nadelson A ; Sauzier, 1989 ) . Victims besides experience incubuss and bodily effects, while kids who witness maltreatment may be diagnostic, exposing a high figure of bodily, psychological and behavioral jobs ( Nadelson A ; Sauzier, 1989 ) . In add-on to psychological scarring for victims, kids, and batterers, there are broader social reverberations of domestic force. Williams-White ( 1989 ) province that the structural, cultural, and societal features of our society continue to perpetuate the victimization of adult females at all degrees. In a manner, forc e within familial relationships reflects and helps keep force and subjugation it widely in civilization. Jennings ( 1987:195 ) explains this by saying that violent hubbies non merely lend to keeping the degree of force in society, they besides reflect a direct manifestation of socially learned sex-role behaviors. Furthermore, the prevalence of banging has crossed race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic position ( Hotaling A ; Sugarman, 1986 ) . Maltreatment of force can take to more force ( Walker, 1984 ) . In systems which do non alter, future coevalss may go on to fall back to violence to work out jobs. In add-on, in many of those systems, force may go more terrible with clip. For this ground, it is hence necessary to work on handling the effects of force. However, to day of the month, funding for mental wellness intercessions is still limited, and it frequently merely supports short-run intervention which will non adequately address the long-run symptoms. In position of the particular intervention for the mental wellness of adult females, reding Centres and support houses for adult females can cut down the mental wellness job of abused adult females and besides cut down the domestic force statistics. At the Welfare Organization s Counselling Centres in Iran, adult females who are victimized by domestic force are treated by societal workers and counselors using the cognitive behavior therapy. Based on the above treatment, this survey besides analyzed the comparing of the interventions given to adult females who have experienced domestic force, utilizing four different therapies, viz. combination therapy ( cognitive behavior therapy and feminist therapy ) with cognitive behavior therapy, feminist therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.3 Aims of the Study 1.3.1 General Objective In general, this survey was carried out to: Analyze the influence of four different mental wellness interventions given to adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Empirically look into the results of the mental wellness interventions given to exploited adult females under combination therapy comprising of ( CBT and Feminism ) , CBT, Feminism therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.3.2 Specific Aims This survey was undertaken specifically to: Analyze the effects of the combination of therapies consisting of cognitive-behavioural-feminist on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the cognitive behavior therapy on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the feminism therapy on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the societal work on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force. 1.4 Hypothesiss The undermentioned hypotheses are postulated in the current survey: There is a important difference in the betterment of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing a combination of different therapies ( cognitive, behavior, feminism therapy ) and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments. There is a important difference in the betterment of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing the cognitive behavior therapy and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments There is a important difference in the betterments of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing the feminism therapy and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments. There is a important difference between the combination of therapies ( cognitive, behaviour therapy ) , feminism therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.5 Significance of the Study Violence can shatter a adult female s life in many ways. Bing a victim of force is widely recognized as a cause for mental wellness jobs, including post-traumatic emphasis upset, depression, anxiousness, and panic onslaughts. Bing abused besides plays a major function in developing or declining substance maltreatment jobs. For many adult females who are affected by force, their first maltreatment normally occurred in their childhood or adolescence. Exploited adult females as kids s female parents often end up losing detention of their ain kids due to allegations of maltreatment or disregard, and over 50 % of kid maltreatment and neglect instances involve parental intoxicant and drug maltreatment. In add-on to commit force against adult females in Iran, the bulk of the adult females and immature misss are confronting domestic force at place at the clip when they are still populating with their parents. In most instances, it is the male parent and the other senior male members in the household are among those who foremost commit the aggression against the adult females and immature misss. Harmonizing to the latest statistics, two out of every three Persian adult females have experienced favoritism and domestic force from the male parent or the other male members of their household. For the huge bulk of the Persian adult females, married life marks the beginning of horror, hurting, and humiliation, i.e. being the victim of their hubbies and sometimes the other household members. Furthermore, eighty one out of 100 married adult females have experienced domestic force in the first twelvemonth of their matrimony ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Even adult females with outstanding occupatio ns and esteemed societal standings are capable to this misdemeanor. In most of the instances, this maltreatment leaves lasting physical and psychological amendss for the remainder of their lives. Ironically, without stating even a word and with much hurting and yet no support, offenses against adult females have gone unnoticed. Ninety out of 100 adult females suffer from a terrible instance of depression, from which they finally commit self-destruction and 71 % of those adult females experience nervous dislocations. ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Their methods of suicide include puting themselves aflame. For them, this is the lone manner of get awaying from segregation and humiliation. For case in Ilam ( a metropolis in Iran ) , 15 misss set themselves aflame each month, contending against subjugation or depression ( Welfare Organization of Iran, 2005 ) . Looking at how serious this job has become, it is hence the duty of everyone to contend the subjugation against adult females. Female v ictims need to believe that they should non be blamed on whatever happens to them. An active engagement in the Welfare Organization of Iran to support the adult females s rights and resistance to the Persian Islamic fundamentalism is the least one can make to assist stop the hurting and agony of the victims of force in both private and public domains. Violence against adult females, in human and barbarous penalties, such as lapidating and complete riddance of the adult females from the political and societal spheres represent some facets of the modus operandi of fundamentalists taking to institutionalised force. This besides means that the battle for equality, safety and security can non be separated from the battle against fundamentalism in Iran. This survey made usage of the theoretical model, uniting the cognitive-behaviour theory and feminist theory for the mental wellness of the adult females who have been victimized by domestic force. The present survey could supply cognition on the different types of mental wellness interventions adopted by counselors at assorted reding Centres throughout the state. This research besides examined the quality of the intervention by uniting two therapies ( cognitive-behaviour therapy and feminist therapy ) . Armed with this cognition, the leaders of the Welfare Organizations, the society, households and counselors can profit from the effects of alteration in the adult females s mental wellness. The suggested theoretical model would supply a better apprehension of the adult females s mental wellness and their public presentation in the society. In summery, battered and abused adult females need a broad scope of responses, flexible services, and supportive policies to heighten their safety and autonomy and to reconstruct their self-esteem and public assistance. These might include mental and physical wellness rating and referral ; resettlement services ; confidential protagonism, shelter, and other domestic force support services ; educational and vocational preparation ; legal representation refering divorce, detention and protective orders ; rating of in-migration position and cultural or cultural issues ; and the effectual enforcement of condemnable Torahs and tribunal orders to assist liberate them from their spouses control and to maintain them and their kids safe. We know that adult females who have suffered maltreatment are more likely to endure posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) , depression, and somatization than those who have neer experienced maltreatment ; the more extended the maltreatment, the greater the hazard of mental wellness upset. Women s mental wellness intervention is an of import country to see for research because ( 1 ) misss and adult females as a group are exposed to more traumatic stressors than male childs and work forces ; ( 2 ) the mental wellness of adult females may be badly affected, ensuing non merely in immediate psychological symptoms, but besides lifetime hazard for suicidal or self-destructive behavior, anxiousness and panic onslaughts, eating upsets, substance maltreatment, somatization upset, and sexual accommodation upsets ; and ( 3 ) psychologists are non on a regular basis trained to work specifically with trauma subsisters, which can cut down the effectivity of the intervention subsisters receive. Presently there are 22 crisis intercession Centres ( adult females s crisis intercession Centre ) across the state ( Iran ) , and adult females can remain in these Centres between 6 to 8 months. As force causes psychological force per unit areas and uncontrolled emphasiss on and finally depression in adult females by and large, this survey was intended to happen a better and utile intervention in the effort to better the intervention for the mental wellness of the adult females who have become the victims of domestic force. The present survey would besides supply further cognition and apprehension on the three different types of the interventions used, viz. the Cognitive-behaviour therapy ( CBT ) , Feminist therapy and the combination of the two interventions. The consequences of this survey would therefore lend the theoretical development and pattern in reding. 1.6 Operational Definition of Footings 1.6.1 Domestic force Domestic force is a form of coercive behavior, which includes physical, sexual, economic, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment, exerted by an intimate spouse over another with the end of set uping and keeping power and control. 1.6.2 Mental wellness a province of head characterized by emotional wellbeing, comparative freedom from anxiousness and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to set up constructive relationships and header with the ordinary demands and emphasiss of life. Mental Health is the balance between all facets of life societal, physical, religious and emotional. It impacts on how we manage our milieus and do picks in our lives clearly it is an built-in portion of our overall wellness. In this survey, mental wellness refers to the mark which the client gets from the SCL-90-R trial. 1.6.3 Cognitive behavior Therapy ( CBT ) A set of rules and processs that assume that cognitive procedures affect behavior and conversely that behavior affects cognitive procedures. It emphasizes a here-and-now procedure without stressing causing. ( D.Meichenbaum ) .A intervention attack that helps clients examines and changes the relationship effects, ideas, feelings, behaviors and attendant effects. It incorporates a figure of diverse intercession ( for illustration, cognitive restructuring processs, job resolution, get bying accomplishments intercessions, stress vaccination preparation, and self instructional preparation. 1.6.4 Feminist Therapy A philosophical and practical attack with certain premises ; for illustration, schemes are needed, and healers must be cognizant of personal, gender-biased value system in relation to allow behavior. Feminist healers promote se4lf-awareness, self-affirmation, and personal integrating, outcomes that may conflict with the social norms that were the original beginning of dysfunctional behavior forms of adult females.

Nebraska Man - An Evolution Hoax

Nebraska Man - An Evolution Hoax The Theory of Evolution has always been a controversial topic, and continues to be in modern times as well. While scientists clamor to find the missing link or the bones of ancient human ancestors to add to the fossil record and collect even more data to back up their ideas, others have tried to take matters into their own hands and create fossils they claim are the missing link of human evolution. Most notably, Piltdown Man had the scientific community talking for 40 years before it was finally definitively debunked. Another discovery of the missing link that turned out to be a hoax was called Nebraska Man. Maybe the word hoax is a bit harsh to use in the case of Nebraska Man, because it was more of a case of mistaken identity than an all out fraud like the Piltdown Man turned out to be. In 1917, a farmer and part time geologist named Harold Cook who lived in Nebraska found a single tooth that looked remarkably similar to an ape or a human molar. About five years later, he sent it to be examined by Henry Osborn at Columbia University. Osborn excitedly declared this fossil to be a tooth from the first ever discovered ape-like man in North America. The single tooth grew in popularity and throughout the world and it wasnt long before a drawing of the Nebraska Man showed up in a London periodical. The disclaimer on the article that accompanied the illustration made it clear that the drawing was the artists imagining of what the Nebraska Man may have looked like, even though the only anatomical evidence of its existence was a single molar. Osborn was very adamant that there was no way anyone could know what this newly discovered hominid could look like based on a single tooth and denounced the picture publicly. Many in England who saw the drawings were quite skeptical that a hominid had been discovered in North America. In fact, one of the primary scientists who had examined and presented the Piltdown Man hoax was vocally skeptical and said that a hominid in North America just did not make sense in the timeline of the history of life on Earth. After some time had passed, Osborn agreed that the tooth may not be a human ancestor, but was convinced it was at least a tooth from an ape that had branched off from a common ancestor as the human lines did. In 1927, after examining the area the tooth was discovered and uncovering more fossils in the area, it was finally decided the Nebraska Man tooth was not from a hominid after all. In fact, it was not even from an ape or any ancestor on the human evolution timeline. The tooth turned out to belong to a pig ancestor from the Pleistocene time period. The rest of the skeleton was found at the same site the tooth had originally come from and it was found to fit the skull. Even though Nebraska Man was a short lived missing link, it tells of a very important lesson to paleontologists and archaeologists working in the field. Even though a single piece of evidence looks to be something that could fit into a hole in the fossil record, it needs to be studied and more than one piece of evidence needs uncovered before declaring the existence of something that actually does not exist. This is a basic tenet of science where discoveries of a scientific nature must be verified and tested by outside scientists in order to prove its veracity. Without this checks and balances system, many hoaxes or mistakes will pop up and stall out the true scientific discoveries.

Hugos Portinari Altarpiece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hugos Portinari Altarpiece - Essay Example Evidently, the noble art piece symbolizes the birth of Jesus Christ. It predominantly showcases the coming of the blessed child and the sanctity of all the hardships experienced by Mary and Joseph in bringing the safe delivery of the innocent child. The relief after the enormous rejections and judgments came into great exaltations as everyone joyously stares at the young infant Jesus. Thus, the miraculous celebration doesn’t came to existence to them alone but a greater power helped them along the way through the guidance of God, the most high. On the other hand, this particular altarpiece upholds hidden symbolism and meaning within it, one that you cannot tell at a glance. Tomasso and his family transpired the characters of the nativity. Not only that, but different saints also appeared in this piece. Indeed, this piece shed some egoistic slate on it. The art of looking at their selves gives the Portinari family a sense of self-appreciation and fulfillment. Thus, in a way nar cissism bestowed self-admiration and chronic show-off that somehow defies the real beauty of the art of nativity. Raising of the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens Peter Paul Rubens painted in 1609-10 the famous triptych painting called â€Å"The raising of the Cross†. Obviously, the painting was influenced by the art of Michelangelo wherein you can recognize the muscularity of the bodies which reflects great strength, power and might. Aside from what we can recognizably see in the painting with all pulling and lifting of the cross which showcases the mighty rage of the people to crucify Jesus, the painting also reflects deeper message within it. The pain and suffering that the crucifixion is giving to Jesus is the same pain and suffering that we people brought to him. We may be in sympathy with Him but who really did these to Him? Who nailed Him? The answer is us. We did this to Him; all of our sins was lifted in the shoulders of Jesus. He paid for our sins in order for Him to save us from the painful suffering. We can simply put this in the verse, â€Å"For God so love the world that he gave his one and only begotten son that whosoever believes in him shall not perish but have everlasting life.† John 3:16. Caravaggism Italian painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio has been popular due to his techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro which has been adopted by artists who wanted to follow his footsteps. â€Å"Chiaroscuro is a method of shading which is used to give figures a sense of three-dimensional volume. Tenebrism is where an artist keeps some areas of a painting totally black, allowing one or two areas to be strongly illuminated by comparison. Tenebrism thus allows the artist to control the 'action' in his canvas† (Caravaggism, n.d.). One of the artists who adopted this is Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez. He was inspired and learned the potentialities of working in a limited palette, black and neutrals which has also been seen in his wor ks which are harmonies of grays and black but not compromising its quality and the famous edge of his works wherein he can give life to his paintings as if they where breathing and moving in action. His great skill in mixing color, light, space, lines and mass liven up every piece that he makes just like the technique that Caravaggio does in his works. Versailles for Louis XIV In 1682, when Louis XIV relocated the court and government permanently to Versailles, the place became the unofficial capital of the kingdom of France. The palace is now filled with splendid royalty and delight as art and nature has harmoniously emerged together and brought about excellence and vigor into the city. Aside from this is the overshadowing face of power and might as the great Louis XIV brought authority and greatness as it moved the central of power away

Causes of the French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Causes of the French Revolution - Essay Example Under the shadow of this dilemmatic political concern, French feudal lords proved to be a focus of attention by limiting the power and freedom of a common man. Although, the Lords were a principal target of rural insurrection; they remained on centre stage in the National Assembly's dramatic renunciation of privilege of 1789 thereby forming a continual bone of contention between rural communities who found the early enactments of the legislators to be thoroughly inadequate along with legislators facing continuing rural turbulence; therefore they were an essential element in the revolutionaries' notions of the "feudal regime" being dismantled; they were the concrete subject matter addressed in the first legislation that tested the tensions inherent in the thorny constitutional issue of a royal veto (and they thereby contributed to the difficulty of embodying the Revolution in some monarchical form); they were invoked in the rhetoric with which those in high places addressed the growin g international tension surrounding the revolutionary state, a rhetoric which imbued the revolutionaries with a self-righteous sense of a national mission to liberate the victims of feudalism outside of France, altering the character of European warfare. (Markoff, 1996, p. 3) The best example is the involvement of British and German governments in this concern of revolution. One of the main reasons for the revolution is the authority practiced by Lords which let arrears accumulate on periodic dues for years, then demand that peasants pay up, and accept a land-for-debt swap; under retrait, a lord had the optional right to substitute himself for the purchaser of peasant land; and lords might hold or fabricate a claim on a portion of common land. Many seigniorial rights could thus be put at the service of landholders oriented to a growing agricultural market, to such an extent that some historians have wondered whether peasant contestation might not be better described as a losing, rear-guard struggle against a growing capitalism than a vanguard battle against a dying feudalism in conjunction' with the victorious bourgeoisie. (Markoff, 1996, p. 77) Another factor that leads one to think as the cause of revolution was the corruption of the Lords and noble people, who were not liable to any of the (heavy or normal) taxation system implemented by the government, for being an authoritative privileged class. The dilemma lied within their perception according to which they were not answerable to any official in case of denial of any rule. Financial Downfall Right from Louis XIV to Louis XVI, all the noble personnel enjoyed undue privileges and advantages particularly in the financial matters. These include: 1. Lack of financial accountability in response to government questions, and they never use to bother about it. 2. They had access to government loans with the right to acquire

The growing popularity of paranormal studies and haunted houses in the Research Paper

The growing popularity of paranormal studies and haunted houses in the U.S - Research Paper Example People’s main objective is to catch something to prove that there are ghost. People have become obsessed with the afterlife. Those interested are from a wide variety of people with different types of backgrounds. It doesn’t matter if you are educated, uneducated, young, old, white collared or blue collared to be interested in the paranormal (Sedersten). Amateur paranormal investigators aren’t cautious like serious investigators are in the type of evidence they show people. Amateur’s take pictures with digital cameras and think that any little thing in the pictures is an orb. Serious investigators only want to show people what they know for a fact is real. Amateurs can cause problems, because most don’t truly understand what they are seeing. This is why it is hard to make a skeptic believe that there are real ghost in the world (Sedersten). Paranormal investigators have a range of different devices that they use. Some are very costly in price and some aren’t, but most the items needed you can pick up anywhere. Here is a common list of items needed; LED lights, digital camera, motion detectors, electromagnetic voice phenomenon (EVP), and thermal imaging devices. These items are supposed to help determine if what you have is real or not. The multiple different television shows on paranormal activity has left people wanting to know more about the afterlife (Sedersten). The show Ghost Hunter’s has made paranormal investigating popular with people. The most interesting concept of this show is how they try to disprove whether something is paranormal or not. Jason Hawes actually started this group as the Rhode Island Paranormal Society in 1990 and later changed it to the Atlantic Paranormal Society. In 1992, Grant Wilson joined the group, but he was a friend of Jason’s for many years. Jason and Grant worked for Roto-Rooter plumbers for years. In 2004, they made their debut on the

Journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Journal - Article Example Statistics indicate that homeownership among the young people who are through with college and whom are under 35 years of age has reduced from 43% to 36% from 2004 and this is a massive decrease. Even though with the reduction in inflation the debts are bound to be reduced, this is just a speculation and is yet to be fulfilled. The government should be encouraging an increase in homeownership amongst the younger generation and they should start with reduction of the interest rates in college loans. The increase in interest is discouraging those aspiring to join college to pull back as they foresee a future with no other development other than student loan repayment which is bad for the economy in future. Even though the college student loan comes as a savior for most families that cannot afford college education, it is still a burden people are continually afraid of and it drains their morale of development leading homeownership for example for old people who are not bound to enjoy more. Mitchell, J. (June 20th, 2014). â€Å"Student Debt Takes a Toll on Some Home Buyers.† The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from:

Goldilocks Zone Properties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Goldilocks Zone Properties - Research Paper Example According to a NASA journal titled â€Å"The Goldilocks Zone†, the Goldilocks Zone is very big. The journal also talks about researchers who are trying to extend the regions of the Zone by looking for signs of life in distant planets. Research shows that there are certain organisms that prefer acidic conditions and some that swim in hot boiling water. The journal goes on to talk about ecosystems that have been discovered where the sun never reaches, and there is very hot water enough to melt metal. This means that the Goldilocks zone is very big, and covers areas that might be considered uninhabitable. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed account of the properties of the Goldilocks Zone. One of the Goldilocks zone properties is the presence of liquid water on the surface of the planets (Brian, 2011). The only planet known to contain large water bodies on its surface is the earth and this is where water exists in its liquid form rather than ice (Davies, pp 129-150). Ocea ns, lakes and rivers are surface water bodies which sustain lives of animals that live in water and also humans on earth. Water in the Goldilocks zone should not be too hot to evaporate or too cold to freeze, therefore, in case water evaporates or freezes, all life will vanish. Since earth is at the centre of the Zone, it has a constant water surface whereby the water does not become too hot or too cold to sustain life. Mars is considered to be on the cold side of the zone while Venus is on the hot side hence these two planets are not habitable since their water surface is irregular. Water is able to sustain life by: Transporting materials around the human and animal body and it can resist frequent changes in temperature therefore offering a favorable environment for aquatic animals. Planets with a hydrogen atmosphere such as earth can maintain water flowing no matter the distance from the sun. Once water freezes or boils and lost into space, all earthly life will be lost. Liquid wa ter is a vital property for a region to be classified under the Goldilocks Zone (Brian, 2011). Position to a star determines whether or not a planet has liquid water (Brian, 2011). According to Brian, a star’s energy output, gravitational pull, and size determine the location of the Goldilocks Zone. Compared to other liquids, water has unique properties which make it essential for life (Davies, pp85-103). Oceans and lakes do not freeze rock solid because water expands when it freezes. According to Davies, ice floats on liquid water, and aquatic animals are able to live on the water below. Water can dissolve many substances and it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This means that when a region experiences hot temperature, water remains moderately cool, hence sustaining life. Therefore, presence of water in the Goldilocks zone is a fundamental property, since it is able to sustain life during the cold and hot conditions (Davies, pp85-103). As earlier mentioned, E arth falls under the Goldilocks Zone, and the presence of water on Earth gives it its relatively moderate type of weather. Temperature is another property of the Goldilocks Zone and is chiefly affected by climate as the Earth rotates. The orbit of the Earth is circular so when it orbits around the zone, it enables the temperatures to remain steady. This is contrary to planets such as Venus which has an

Animation Film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Animation Film Studies - Essay Example This narration helps to understand the ordinary world in an interceptive manner with the perception of the narrator. Narration is different in different media. The narration in Cinema is different from that of in books, history and psychology. This is due to the motion picture it involves during narration. As the motion picture is absent in books and psychology, the narration need to be a little bit dramatic to make a mark on the mind of the viewer. This is not the case with books, where the standard of the narration is crucial to determine the standard of the effect on the mind of the reader. Due to this the narration in film will help the viewer to see all the world's stories within a single structure framed by combined effort of script, director and other production team. According to Roland Barthes, the extracting from each tale its model, then out of these models making great narrative structure by reapplying is exhausting and undesirable. While stating this he is opposing indiv idual models for different tales that diversify the cinema narration. This statement supports the narration of world's stories under a single structure like ascetics see the whole landscape in a single bean. There are enough doubts about the validity of the statement when the tales of different cultures and different environments are considered. Do single structure for cinema narration holds good for different tales of different environments and cultures. This statement is made While Roland Barthes talks bout reality. When we consider same reality, according to Robin Wood, Metz is being insufficiently concrete and too concerned about abstract proposals. This abstractness, according to the view of Robin wood, will decrease the standard of reality. The naturality in narration of certain films and singularity in the body of the text made number of critics like robin wood to criticise the works of Christian Metz. They term the works as exploitation of filmic analysis. The abstract theor ies of Metz are opposite to cohesion and structure of the film while considering the film as representation or as a world. While making these comments or criticism, there is no reference about reality. Affecting the reality is affecting the truth. The truth of film cannot be expressed through Metz's system of narration as they are being more abstract. So according to critics of Metz, too much abstractness may affect truth or reality in terms of ordinary understanding. In this case, there should be different structures to different types of stories that give completely different conclusions. The film may appear in the form of obsession and desire if the narration is too abstract. One cannot tally obsession or desire with truth as the desire will be truth if it is fulfilled. So the desires cannot be expressed in narration of cinema Do they effect the reality of the narration involved These are the questions to be answered while considering or criticising the abstractness of Metz and h is theories. This type of criticism is due to the virulence with which Metz has been criticised is not due to lack of importance to structure of narration in the film but the abstract nature and too much organics he opposed. The opposing of organics or naturality is due to the emphasis on abstractness and he may not directly opposed the reality or naturality but the abstract sounding of his theories might have affected the

Goldilocks Zone Properties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Goldilocks Zone Properties - Research Paper Example According to a NASA journal titled â€Å"The Goldilocks Zone†, the Goldilocks Zone is very big. The journal also talks about researchers who are trying to extend the regions of the Zone by looking for signs of life in distant planets. Research shows that there are certain organisms that prefer acidic conditions and some that swim in hot boiling water. The journal goes on to talk about ecosystems that have been discovered where the sun never reaches, and there is very hot water enough to melt metal. This means that the Goldilocks zone is very big, and covers areas that might be considered uninhabitable. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed account of the properties of the Goldilocks Zone. One of the Goldilocks zone properties is the presence of liquid water on the surface of the planets (Brian, 2011). The only planet known to contain large water bodies on its surface is the earth and this is where water exists in its liquid form rather than ice (Davies, pp 129-150). Ocea ns, lakes and rivers are surface water bodies which sustain lives of animals that live in water and also humans on earth. Water in the Goldilocks zone should not be too hot to evaporate or too cold to freeze, therefore, in case water evaporates or freezes, all life will vanish. Since earth is at the centre of the Zone, it has a constant water surface whereby the water does not become too hot or too cold to sustain life. Mars is considered to be on the cold side of the zone while Venus is on the hot side hence these two planets are not habitable since their water surface is irregular. Water is able to sustain life by: Transporting materials around the human and animal body and it can resist frequent changes in temperature therefore offering a favorable environment for aquatic animals. Planets with a hydrogen atmosphere such as earth can maintain water flowing no matter the distance from the sun. Once water freezes or boils and lost into space, all earthly life will be lost. Liquid wa ter is a vital property for a region to be classified under the Goldilocks Zone (Brian, 2011). Position to a star determines whether or not a planet has liquid water (Brian, 2011). According to Brian, a star’s energy output, gravitational pull, and size determine the location of the Goldilocks Zone. Compared to other liquids, water has unique properties which make it essential for life (Davies, pp85-103). Oceans and lakes do not freeze rock solid because water expands when it freezes. According to Davies, ice floats on liquid water, and aquatic animals are able to live on the water below. Water can dissolve many substances and it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This means that when a region experiences hot temperature, water remains moderately cool, hence sustaining life. Therefore, presence of water in the Goldilocks zone is a fundamental property, since it is able to sustain life during the cold and hot conditions (Davies, pp85-103). As earlier mentioned, E arth falls under the Goldilocks Zone, and the presence of water on Earth gives it its relatively moderate type of weather. Temperature is another property of the Goldilocks Zone and is chiefly affected by climate as the Earth rotates. The orbit of the Earth is circular so when it orbits around the zone, it enables the temperatures to remain steady. This is contrary to planets such as Venus which has an